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- October 1991
-
-
- RESEARCH FORUM
-
- MCGRUFF ROBOT TEACHES KIDS
- (RESULTS OF A SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI, PILOT PROGRAM)
-
-
- Once considered a science fiction fantasy, robots are now
- becoming an integral part of the instructional curriculum in
- some schools. A growing body of knowledge suggests that
- children learn more readily when they are allowed to manipulate
- concrete objects before moving to abstract concepts. (1) The
- use of robots is well-suited for engaging children with a
- tangible object that reinforces positive concepts and ideas.
-
- Three elementary schools in Springfield, Missouri, were
- chosen as sites for an innovative program that includes a
- robotic version of McGruff, the crime dog. In the program,
- McGruff, assisted by a police officer, delivers safety messages
- to children and interacts with them in order to convey a
- positive safety theme. The results, gauged by a survey
- conducted in three of the participating schools, have proved the
- program's effectiveness.
-
- THE ROBOT
-
- The McGruff robot is approximately 4 feet tall and weighs
- 60 pounds. Every effort has been madf''fe to give the robot human
- traits. The computerized interior is hidden by clothing, the
- arms move up and down, the head rotates, the eyelids open and
- shut, and the mouth can be manipulated by remote control to
- indicate various facial expressions and to give the appearance
- of speech. The actual voice is that of the operator, via a
- two-way wireless system that allows the robot to appear to
- listen and respond to questions and comments from the audience.
- Speakers are mounted on the robot's legs. In addition to the
- remote voice, a cassette player is also mounted in the robot so
- that various safety jingles and other messages can be played.
-
- THE SURVEY
-
- Two hundred and ninety-one elementary students who
- participated in the McGruff Program at three elementary schools
- were surveyed. The majority (230) were 7- or 8-year-old
- children in the second grade. Forty-eight students surveyed
- were 9 years of age.
-
- The questionnaire consisted of 14 close-ended questions
- concerning McGruff's appearance and the message the robot
- presented. The students were asked to respond on a 5-point
- Likert scale from "yes" to "no" with responses of "somewhat,"
- "maybe," and "a little" as options between the two extremes.
-
- Examples of survey questions include: "McGruff and the
- police officer have helped me understand how to prevent crime";
- "I will do what McGruff says so that I will be safe"; and "I
- want McGruff to come back and visit my school again." Other
- questions asked students to rank what they liked most/least
- about the robot.
-
- Two hundred and thirty-two (80 percent) of the students
- said they liked to listen to McGruff. Eighty-five percent said
- they understood McGruff's message about avoiding drugs and
- strangers. Seventy-seven percent responded that McGruff's safety
- message was factual, credible, and provided information in a
- straight-forward manner.
-
- Two hundred and sixty-three students (90 percent) believed
- McGruff and the officer effectively explained the consequences
- of being careless about safety. Almost 80 percent (232
- students) believed that McGruff made the police officer's
- message clearer and easier to understand.
-
- The majority of the children (88 percent) believed that
- McGruff sincerely cares about them, and 91 percent of the
- students responded that they were not afraid of the robot. In
- fact, 86 percent expressed a desire to have McGruff return for
- another visit.
-
- When asked what they did not like about the robot, the
- majority (54 percent) of students said there was nothing they
- did not like. Fourteen percent said that if they had to choose
- something to improve, it would be the robot's clothing.
-
- Significantly, when general positive and negative reactions
- were cross-tabulated, it became apparent that younger students
- were more receptive to the McGruff robot. Half of the 7 year
- olds demonstrated affection to the robot by hugging him; only 13
- percent of the 9 year olds were willing to hug the robot.
- Forty-two percent of the 7 and 8 year olds said they were not
- afraid of the robot, while a significantly lower number (15
- percent) of the 9 year olds responded that they were not afraid.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- This survey, while admittedly focused on students from one
- geographic/social perimeter (a midwest, midsize city),
- reinforces earlier research that indicates students absorb more
- information concerning abstract concepts when tangible objects
- are used to instruct. Because the McGruff robot is a familiar
- symbol of safety to children, he is an ideal "teacher" to
- reinforce positive themes concerning crime, safety, and the
- dangers of drug abuse.
-
- While children watch and listen to McGruff and the officer,
- they internalize positive safety messages, whether consciously
- or subconsciously. The jingles are infectious and easy to
- remember. Combining words, music, and actions, the robot
- reinforces important messages that not only help children to
- make correct choices but also help to instill a positive
- foundation concerning safety and crime.
-
-
- FOOTNOTE
-
- (1) H. Barnett and J. Belter, "The Language of Robots,"
- Computer-Reading & Language Arts, Spring 1984, pp. 35-37.
-
-
- _______________
-
- Information in this Research Forum is based on a survey
- conducted by Edna Bell, Ph.D., an Associate Professor, and Debra
- McDowell, an Assistant Professor, at Southwest Missouri State
- University in Springfield, Missouri.